Russian Reform And Economics: The Last Quarter Of The 20th Century :: essays research papers fc

Russian Reform and Economics: The Last Quarter of the twentieth Century Layout Theory: As the reorganization of the USSR was turning into a the truth, Russia's economy was disintegrating underneath it. Russia started its financial test of perestroika in the 1980's. The Russian individuals needed financial security and opportunity, while the government was attempting to get majority rule government. The past administration styles should have been changed alongside the way that most organizations in Russia worked. I. Transformation of USSR A. The change from socialism to vote based system. B. The adjustment in government has greatly affected the Russian individuals furthermore, laborers. C. The renewal left the Russian economy topsy turvy. II. Post-Reform economy versus Pre-Reform economy. A. There were numerous means in the transformation of the economy. B. What are a portion of the impacts of a changing economy? C. There are numerous progressions that are as yet required all together for the Russian economy to develop. III. What will be the eventual fate of Russia's Economy? Primary Body As the reorganization of the USSR was turning into a the truth, Russia's economy was disintegrating underneath it. Russia started its monetary test of perestroika in the 1980's. The Russian individuals needed financial security and opportunity, while the government was attempting to get majority rules system. The past administration styles should have been changed alongside the way that most organizations in Russia worked. The Russian Federation comprises of 17,075,400 square km, which is generally 76.2 percent of the previous USSR, and covers around 12 percent of the world's property surface. The Russian Federation's populace in 1991 was 147.3 million (Smith, A., 7). During the 1980's the Russian government began a renewal procedure called "perestroika," which means rebuilding (Aganbegyan, 1). Perestroika implies subjective changes and change in the administration and in the economy. The four phases of perestroika are the "Preliminary stage (March 1985- February 1986)," the "Stabilizing stage (March 1986 - January 1987)," the "Expansive stage (January - November 1987)," and the "Regrouping stage (November 1987 onwards)" (Hill & Dellenbrant, 140). The administration likewise recognized two different procedures. "Glasnost," which implies receptiveness, bolstered the solid financial change (Aganbegyan, 1; Hill & Dellenbrant, 54). The quickening of monetary change was called "uskorenie" (Aganbegyan, 1). Numerous progressions occurred during the years contained in every one of the phases of perestroika. This progressions ran from government strategies and structure to mechanical creation methods to monetary strategies. The significant change came in 1991 with the separation of USSR. This liberated the individual states and permitted them to become autonomous nations. These new nations experienced radical government changes. A considerable lot of them, including Russia, decided to execute majority rules system. This change from a focal military based structure into popular government

How to Write a Teacher Evaluation Paper

How to Write a Teacher Evaluation PaperWhen it comes to conducting a study to assess the performance of a teacher, one of the important factors that needs to be taken into consideration is the evaluation of a teacher's conduct and how to write a teacher evaluation paper. A teacher evaluation can be done in a number of ways but first and foremost, they need to assess the effectiveness of the teacher. Moreover, they need to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the teacher's teaching methods and also the results that students have achieved through the teacher's class and time spent in the teacher's class.There are many methods that one can use to conduct an evaluation of a teacher but first and foremost, the evaluation has to be done in a fair and effective way. One way of doing this is by setting up an interview with the teacher, then he or she is asked questions about the qualities that they observed in the teacher. In order to conduct an effective evaluation, it is advisable to p ut into consideration both the positive and negative aspects of the teacher's behavior. Furthermore, these questions should be asked in a manner that will help identify the strengths and weaknesses of the teacher as well as the students in their respective classes.While writing an evaluation of a teacher, a teacher needs to have his or her personality, knowledge and personality reflected in his or her writing. In order to do this, the evaluation paper should be short, concise and to the point.As it is with most things, when it comes to how to write a teacher evaluation paper, the key factor that needs to be followed is moderation. Never go overboard with your evaluation paper.When writing the evaluation of a teacher, you should always put yourself in the shoes of the students. Remember that the students in your classroom are the ones who are being taught by you and it is always your responsibility to make sure that your students get the best possible education that they deserve. Tom ake this possible, you need to have a good evaluation of the teacher to judge the effectiveness of the teacher in his or her classroom.The evaluation of a teacher can be written based on the written materials as well as the presentations that he or she has made. Again, it is important to note that the evaluation should be fair and effective in evaluating the teacher. You need to remember that you are writing about the teacher's performance and that you are not writing about you and your personal abilities.Lastly, when writing a teacher evaluation paper, make sure that you don't give too much importance to your own personal interests. While writing the evaluation, write it as if you were interviewing a new employee so that the evaluation paper will reflect the true picture of what you really thought about the teacher.How to write a teacher evaluation is an important aspect when it comes to how to evaluate a teacher. Even though you may have wanted to do this kind of evaluation since your college days, always remember that a teacher evaluation should be fair and ethical to the teacher as well as the students in the class.

Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC C Assignment

Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC C Assignment Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC Checks Inadequacy for Security â€" Assignment Example > The paper “ Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC Checks Inadequacy for Security” is an informative example of an assignment on logic and programming. Advantages of TCP for a proposed application layer protocol It is independent of the operating system It supports multiple routing. TCP for proposed application layer protocol allows networking to other firms TCP for the proposed application layer protocol allows multiple computers to set up. Disadvantages of TCP for a proposed application layer protocol Set up requires complex knowledge while management of TCP for proposed application layer protocol requires trained employees. TCP for proposed application layer protocol is slower than IPX TCP for proposed application layer protocol has higher overhead Advantages of UDP for a proposed application layer protocol UDP allows both multicast and broadcast connections/ transmission. UDP for proposed application layer protocol allows faster operation Disadvantages of UDP for a proposed application layer protocol It is not reliable since there is the possibility of failure of UDP to deliver a packet, first time, second time or failure completely Requires manual breaking of the data into packets It has no flow control Part (b) â€" In PowerPoint slides Question 2The functionality of the following socket API calls for writing a client-server application using TCP is briefly explained as: accept()- This socket API call is used to accept incoming connections from the client. The server calls accept() and incoming calls are accepted. this is blocking socket as it waits for the response of the network before returning. The example is: bind()- this ensures that a certain port is reserved and associated with a certain socket and is only used by that port. The exampleclose()- this closes the socket by closing the connection. This will ensure that the port in use is freed for other uses. Example: connect() â€" this helps the client connect with the server. He calls to connect () and a connection is established. This socket API call does block as it does return immediately and it can be used in receiving or sending. The example Ilisten()- this ensures that TCP protocol to listen for any networking being made. This socket API call does not block as it returns immediately and it can not be used in receiving or sending. examplerecv()-this ensures that TCP protocol to receive a connection from the client. This socket API call does block as it returns immediately data has been received. Examplesend()this ensures that TCP protocol sends a connection from client. This socket API call does block as it returns immediately data has been sentsocket()-socket call is made in closing the socket that will be used for any function. The example is Question 3The link from Router A to Router B has historically shown data integrity errors at a rate of approximately 0.01% packets discarded on both ends of the link. In the last month, these have climbed to over 3% of packets discarded. Reviewing the IT support documentation repository, one of the networks team identifies that new Wiki software was installed on the webserver at the same time (connected to Router A). The likely causesThe new Wiki software has caused network intrusion leading to the breach of security. The software installed was designed to gather some information even it is no harmless. The management should uninstall the software since it is causing network problems. This technology can fundamentally allow for the division of networks into three componentsâ€" the network, subnet address, and host. There are several advantages offered by subletting. It can cut down on network traffic because broadcasting to hosts becomes restrained to individual subnets. It affords flexibility by way of allowing the customization of the number of hosts and subnets for every organization. Subnets improve address utilization, minimally impacts on externally located routers, and also reflects the physical network

Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC C Assignment

Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC C Assignment Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC Checks Inadequacy for Security â€" Assignment Example > The paper “ Basic Concepts of Checksum or CRC Integrity Checks, Checksum and CRC Checks Inadequacy for Security” is an informative example of an assignment on logic and programming. Advantages of TCP for a proposed application layer protocol It is independent of the operating system It supports multiple routing. TCP for proposed application layer protocol allows networking to other firms TCP for the proposed application layer protocol allows multiple computers to set up. Disadvantages of TCP for a proposed application layer protocol Set up requires complex knowledge while management of TCP for proposed application layer protocol requires trained employees. TCP for proposed application layer protocol is slower than IPX TCP for proposed application layer protocol has higher overhead Advantages of UDP for a proposed application layer protocol UDP allows both multicast and broadcast connections/ transmission. UDP for proposed application layer protocol allows faster operation Disadvantages of UDP for a proposed application layer protocol It is not reliable since there is the possibility of failure of UDP to deliver a packet, first time, second time or failure completely Requires manual breaking of the data into packets It has no flow control Part (b) â€" In PowerPoint slides Question 2The functionality of the following socket API calls for writing a client-server application using TCP is briefly explained as: accept()- This socket API call is used to accept incoming connections from the client. The server calls accept() and incoming calls are accepted. this is blocking socket as it waits for the response of the network before returning. The example is: bind()- this ensures that a certain port is reserved and associated with a certain socket and is only used by that port. The exampleclose()- this closes the socket by closing the connection. This will ensure that the port in use is freed for other uses. Example: connect() â€" this helps the client connect with the server. He calls to connect () and a connection is established. This socket API call does block as it does return immediately and it can be used in receiving or sending. The example Ilisten()- this ensures that TCP protocol to listen for any networking being made. This socket API call does not block as it returns immediately and it can not be used in receiving or sending. examplerecv()-this ensures that TCP protocol to receive a connection from the client. This socket API call does block as it returns immediately data has been received. Examplesend()this ensures that TCP protocol sends a connection from client. This socket API call does block as it returns immediately data has been sentsocket()-socket call is made in closing the socket that will be used for any function. The example is Question 3The link from Router A to Router B has historically shown data integrity errors at a rate of approximately 0.01% packets discarded on both ends of the link. In the last month, these have climbed to over 3% of packets discarded. Reviewing the IT support documentation repository, one of the networks team identifies that new Wiki software was installed on the webserver at the same time (connected to Router A). The likely causesThe new Wiki software has caused network intrusion leading to the breach of security. The software installed was designed to gather some information even it is no harmless. The management should uninstall the software since it is causing network problems. This technology can fundamentally allow for the division of networks into three componentsâ€" the network, subnet address, and host. There are several advantages offered by subletting. It can cut down on network traffic because broadcasting to hosts becomes restrained to individual subnets. It affords flexibility by way of allowing the customization of the number of hosts and subnets for every organization. Subnets improve address utilization, minimally impacts on externally located routers, and also reflects the physical network

The Robots Rebellion By Keith E. Stanovich - 897 Words

Consciousness a term explained as being aware of all surroundings, emerging from the functions of the brain. When a person gets used to something they may be able to think of other things at the same time, until a change happens, then they regain their consciousness to what they were doing. This essay is to further explore the target which is the slides from lecture 17 consciousness using the slides Meanings and automatization by using examples from the book â€Å" The Robots Rebellion† by Keith E. Stanovich, which is the base to further explain and expand on these points. Consciousness can be linked to multiple things, such as how we do things, why we do things and anything that is related to being aware or awake. When a person is conscious of their behaviour, actions and abilities, they are then capable of accomplishing anything without any difficulties. When genes are produced and replicated the human body is then aware of what to do, causing the brain to become stronger. In the book it mentions how we are aware of the idea that we are the vehicles and our genes are the replicators. Genes are seen as the most powerful but as the brain becomes more highly developed it takes over more policy decisions, using learning and simulation to overrule. Therefore showing that when a human is conscious of the power of genes they are able to take over that task. Being aware of something or getting used to it both allow an individual to be able to achieve anything and become less

No Perfect Parenting By Frederick Douglass Essay - 1230 Words

No Perfect Parenting Frederick Douglass once said, â€Å"It is easier to build strong children than to repair broken men.† Parents want the best for their children. The dream is always to raise a happy and successful child. However, with so much external information from the media and other parents, it’s hard to know what is truly the best for a child. With thousands of years of parenting experience under the belt of human history, one pay expect that a perfect style of parenting had been found. However, every child is different, thus preventing the discovery of one foolproof method of child rearing. With this obstacle in mind, a disgruntled parent may ask â€Å"Does it even matter?† No matter the parenting style, there will always be children that make decisions that result in being considered unsuccessful. With this information in mind, I suggest that there is no perfect parenting style for all, only a style that will be perfect for the specific child. Parents desire success for their children, but what does that mean? Perhaps one parent pictures a successful child playing the violin with a famous orchestra in front of thousands of people. Another parent imagines an ideal child as the CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Success is in the eye of the beholder. There must be a specific goal in mind. A parent should plan accordingly to raise their child in the way they believe will result in success. Many parenting styles claim to be the ideal way to raise a successful child. SeveralShow MoreRelatedRaising a Child The Responsibility of Both Parents1314 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding the role as parents. Of course you don’t have to be a perfect parent to raise healthy, highly intelligent children. You are, however, absolutely crucial in your child’s life simply because you are your child’s parent. We only have one chance with our children, so while they are young, we must make the most of it. This is the window of opportuni ty to build a strong foundation that will support them for the rest of their lives. Parenting isn’t just what we do when we have children; it is what we’veRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAppraisal,† Population and Development Review 19 (1993): 431–466. 63. Joseph Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the â€Å"Illegal Alien† and the Making of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary (New York: Routledge, 2002). 64. Cindy Hahamovitch, â€Å"Creating Perfect Immigrants: Guest Workers of the World in Historical Perspective,† Labor History 44 (2003): 70–94; Ulrich Herbert, A History of Foreign Labor in Germany, 1880–1980: Seasonal Workers/Forced Laborers/Guest Workers, trans. William Templer (Ann Arbor:

Career Plan Paper - 555 Words

The career I would like to pursue would to be a sports psychologist. I love learning about how the mind works, thinks, acts, and reacts. I am also in love with my athletics. I am very involved with people’s lives and if you were to combine all of them that would be the definition of a sports psychologist. Someone who is able to counsel athletes of all ages, working with those in high school, the collegiate level and even professionally. Being able to help athletes manage their lives, improve their sport performance, and overcome the mind is the sort of career I desire most. To walk with the athletes daily and watch them overcome their own mind and make big improvements would give some of the greatest joy know to me. In order for me to accomplish this goal, I will need to continue my degree by primarily receiving my BA in psychology. Currently, I am on track for doing so within the next three semesters. I am working on getting my G.P.A. over a 3.0. I have found that my high school district is one of the lowest rated districts in the nation and I did not learn any study habits during this time period. I have learned the hard way through college, teaching myself time-management, study habits that work for me, and testing habits that accommodate my learning disability. Pertaining to studying, I used to cram the night before and now I have learned if I review my notes right after the class, I retain so much more. After every class that I have a break, I try to at least rereadShow MoreRelatedCareer Plan Reflection Paper665 Words   |  3 PagesCareer Plan Reflection Paper: After completing the Career Plan on the University Of Phoenix Career website my results were as follows. The career profiled deemed me as enterprising, realistic and social. The website defines enterprising as frequently involving starting up and carrying out projects. These occupations can involve leading people and making many decisions. Sometimes they require risk taking and often deal with business. The website defines realistic as occupations frequently involvingRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Business Administration ( Mba ) Program Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Capturing the essence of this individual paper, my Personal Mastery and my Personal Leadership will be used to evaluate my current career position and describe my progress throughout the Masters of Business Administration (MBA) program. Reflecting on previous classes, the Personal Mastery will be used to formulate my personality style taken from the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The MBTI outlined eight characteristics, which include: Extraversion/Introversion, Sensing Perception/IntuitingRead MoreMy Personal Leadership Administration ( Mba ) Program Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesCapturing the essence of this individual paper, my Personal Mastery and my Personal Leadership will be used to evaluate my current career position and describe my progress throughout the Masters of Business Administration (MBA) program. Reflecting on previous classes, the Personal Mastery will be used to formulate my personality style taken from the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). The MBTI outlin ed eight characteristics, which include: Extraversion/Introversion, Sensing Perception/Intuiting PerceptionRead MoreEssay about Personal Career Development: Course Review1012 Words   |  5 Pageshistorical events and available information to create a picture of where to go next. The purpose of this paper is to review the personal information from the career assessments taken in HS 585 Career Counseling at Bellevue University. The review will focus on this author’s personal results. This paper will combine the assessments with the author’s personal history to provide a context for future career goals. Assessment Summary The primary assessment performed and examined within the HS 585 courseRead MoreReflection Paper789 Words   |  4 PagesWhen writing my papers in English I was never sure what topic, I wanted to write about. I rotated between two, one being â€Å"The Mistreatment of Animals in Zoos† and the second and my main topic being â€Å"Is College Worth the Cost.† When writing these papers, I noticed something about myself. I had grown as a writer compared to when I first walked into English 1100, I had some writing experience but not much my grammar lacked and I was the queen of sentence fragments. Throughout the semester during EnglishRead MoreEssay on Professional Care Action Plan1534 Words   |  7 PagesProfessional Career Action Plan Renika Johnson HCS/449 October 22, 2012 Urmi Bhaumik Professional Career Action Plan The professional career action plan gives in details my career goals, rather than the personal goals. This professional career action plan will give an insight into the professional strengths and weaknesses, the health care organization to work at, and the knowledge gaps that exist, and professional resume. In this paper will speak on professionalRead MorePersonal Statement : Self Exploration1156 Words   |  5 Pages Self Exploration Paper Yifei Bai Arizona State University Introduction To have a clear future career plan, self-exploration would be the first step to take since those who do not know themselves well will also have no idea about where to begin their career or may be mediocre in their life (Rogers et al., 2008). Therefore, for aspiring college student, before completely stepping into the working stage, one shall specify his or her goal and make full use of the existed sources in schoolRead MoreInformation On My Future Career1151 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen using CFNC.org to gather more information on my future career. CFNC.org has provided me with more knowledge about my future than I could have gotten using Google. One goal of mine while writing this paper is to show how interested I am about my future. Another goal I do have is to teach the reader more information about a specific career path. Every individual has their own career plan, and possibly could be interested in the same career as me. In the CFNC.org website, there are multiple surveysRead MoreCareer Counseling Plan For Katie Golanski825 Words   |  4 Pages This paper is a career counseling plan for Katie Golanski and examines her current skills, potential and as well as future goals. Several assessments will be examined and applied to this plan, such as the Kuder scale, and Meyers Brigg. Specific career counseling theories will also be applied to the output. Finally, recommendations for Katie will be made to best utilize her assets. Katie is a twenty-three year single Caucasian female with a bachelor’s degree in PsychologyRead MoreHuman Resource Management And Talent Development Plan739 Words   |  3 PagesCareer Development Plan Andrea Florenz Human Resource Management Talent Development/Argosy University Dr. Sarah Dale June 08, 2016 Introduction The purpose of this paper is to answer the given questions and explain the six components of a Career Development Plan, which are the employee learning plan, needs assessment, comprehensive development plan, roadmap to development of a career development plan, other factors in program development, individual career development plan integrated

Response Plan to Rio de Jeneiro Earthquake †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Disscuss about the Response Plan to Rio de Jeneiro Earthquake. Answer: Introduction: The following report is going to develop a conceptual framework on disaster and surveillance planning. The paper looks into the process of response planning at post disaster period in Rio de Janeiro. Before planning for the response, a cognitive idea pertaining to geographical location in Rio de Janeiro is going to be illustrated. In most important cases, the geographical location and its position plays an important role to drive the process. This is going to be effective in terms of creating effective response plan for the tourists and the local people who have come for the game. An international process is also going to be focused upon. Background of the Problem: Recent earthquake in the capital city of Brazil and the sports abode for every spectator in terms of soccer has reached to the significant level of 7.9 magnitude, which is importantly devastating in a city that is situated closer to the seaside. The worst affected places are the basic understanding of the issues in terms of creating the effective understanding where this has been taken into certain consideration of the cases. In this aspect, it has been identified that the lost buildings and slums of a greater number of Brazilian people has been highly impactful for the cases. This has been taken into high quality for the specific understanding of the process. The worst affect starting from the business apartments to the residential areas, there has been a thorough fall of buildings and cracking of roads. Hence, it is necessary to incorporate the changes into the existing safety measures to mitigate the risks underlying within. The conciliation of thechange management has to be encap sulated through effective leadership and entrepreneurial characteristic traits. The following diagram succinctly demonstrates the specific understanding of the entire process pertaining to the small business enterprise relinquishment from the government perspective. 78% of the citys population lives in the slum that is considered one of the largest slums in the world. Earthquake in the capital of Brazil has resulted in severe damage to the entire city and the people. Hence, it is necessary to develop appropriate response plan in order to mitigate the underlying risks. The following diagram succinctly demonstrates the specific understanding of the entire process pertaining to the small business enterprise relinquishment from the government perspective. The quantum of the earthquake has been quite impactful upon the core livelihood of the city. However, while talking about the research based study on small business, Storey (2016) has succinctly talked about the problems detected by th e owners pertaining to the less interest and involvement shown by the government in the recent years. It has been made clear that the business concept has been taken into certain consideration for its definite understanding of the process with its different mindset. There are some important features of small business that distinguishes it from the large ones. It is highly distinctive in terms of revenue and profitability, employees, market area, ownership and taxes and locations. However, this has been taken into certain account pertaining to the effective understanding of the process with its different mindset because it varies at business conditions. This has been stringently effective in the consideration of how the earthquake affected people would be evacuated and brought back to normal lifestyle. Despite active and industrious endeavor from BMC that pressed more than 75 pumps in different parts of the city, there has been a specific case for the particular understanding of the issues. In this context, this has been taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective understanding of the processes. The rain for consecutive three days has rattled the lifestyle and daily occupation of millions of tourists and people in Rio de Janeiro. Hence, several strategies have been taken into account to tackle urban earthquake. The government improved the way it buys goods and services to help more small businesses bid for public sector contracts. As most of the small businesses belong to the service sector, the services are highly sought by the government organizations where the majority companies are brought in to consideration through biding and outsourcing process. As an urban head, the city would get ample opportunity to work under government projects where the promotional and advertising activities are skilfully performed. As a matter of fact, this has to be taken into certain account that the specific understanding has to be highly generative with its entire case. The government improved the way it buys goods and services to help more small businesses bid for public sector contracts. As most of the small businesses belong to the service sector, the services are highly sought by the government organizations where the majority companies are brought in to consideration through biding and outsourcing process. As an urban head, the city would get many opportunities to work under government projects where the promotional and advertising activities are skilfully performed. In fact, this has to be taken into certain account that the specific understanding has to be highly generative with its entire case. The aforementioned diagram succinctly demonstrates a concise structure of the organization. It is indeed headed by the specific organizational head. The structure has been set based on geographical concept thus focusing on the hierarchical overview. The gamut of the business strategy is highly dependent of how an organization looks forward to undertake the propelled strategies directed in the market. According to the hierarchical structural process the organization has multiple tiers and the higher tier has the opportunity to guide and lead the lower ones and this would be followed through gradual promotional process. In order to bring the change into effectiveness, new ideas are to be induced at the lower level so that those ideas can be directed in a gradual process. For the organizational change management model Kotters change model has to be taken into account. However, to implement the change in the company, there is a need to develop certain business skills that have already be en mentioned. Complexities: Following complexities have been identified in due course of heavy earthquake incident in the city: Subways closed due to high tide level Railway lines were drowned Since the existing technology has failed to exact forecast to the people of the city. There are certain limitations with IMD (Indian Meteorological Department) It has resulted in the rise in sea level by 3 mm. Following pictures clearly demonstrates the plight of the urban residents of Rio de Jeneiro during the rain: Existing Government Recovery Plan: Following is the recovery plan undertaken by the government of Rio de Janeiro in association with the meteorological department: Due to earthquake the entire capital of Brazil has been severely affected thereby, strengthening resilience along with building back is necessary. Involving the local community for continuing the search engine or recovery program. Providing food and water in the affected area. Making medical facilities available in the affected area. Expected Recovery Plan: Operating control Room that would work as the MCC (Main Centre of Communication) Operation of search engine- at least 50 volunteers within 5 km radius of the affected area. Deployment of civil defense in highly required who would be working as volunteers and this number needs to be exceeding 500 personnel There should be deployment of civil defense personnel in different wards and NGOs Buses and other transporting vehicles need to be kept ready for easy transportation of goods and people. Residential and commercial structures specifically those are under construction need to be removed from the worst affected site. It is more important to rehabilitate the structures to a better place than to remove from the plighted place There is a need to construct additional bridge that would ensure easy transportation and roadway communication to mitigate further problem cause due to rain. These are the strategies to tackle earthquake in urban area. However, Rio de Janeiro, The population of the city is segmented into different economic groups- the core city dwellers of South Rio de Janeiro, the uprising residents of Northern Rio de Janeiro the planned township in the city. ActiveTraffic management is highly needed and sought after Providing government relief funds to the affected area. State government and national hospitals need to be prompt in their action to provide effective aid and services to the earthquake victims The Slum Improvement Board of Rio de Jeneiro must take a stringent action to provide solution to the slum dwellers Regular follow-up is again an important task that would e strengthened through effective communication process. Most importantly widening of drains and construction of pumping station is a major task to be done in time There is a dire need for the rehabilitation of the slums so as to mitigate and avoid high risk caused due to post- earthquake outbreak of diseases. However, the aforementioned processes are highly conventional and traditional in nature. It needs to be taken into consideration that the process has to be highly effective in terms of creating effective nature for the entire understanding of the people. In this case there is a need to find out the process associated with its different understanding of how the response would be directed. Conclusion: It can thus be stated that the basic factor for the analysis of the entire case has been made possible due to its effective consideration. For instance, implementation of proper ICT (Information and Communication Technology) has to be ensured. In this process, there is a clear understanding of the process with its actual case. The earthquake has rattled the lifestyle and daily occupation of millions of tourists and residents in Rio de Janeiro. Hence, several strategies have been taken into account to tackle urban earthquake. The government improved the way it buys goods and services to help more small businesses bid for public sector contracts. As most of the small businesses belong to the service sector, the services are highly sought by the government organizations where the majority companies are brought in to consideration through biding and outsourcing process. As an urban head, the city would get many opportunities to work under government projects where the promotional and advertising activities are skilfully performed. In fact, this has to be taken into certain account that the specific understanding has to be generative with its entire case. However, this has to be taken into certain consideration pertaining to the effective planning procedure. That would finally focus on the specific understanding of the process. In fact, proper planning procedure would definitely help in understanding future process to mitigate risk. References: Achir, Y. S. H., Hamid, A. Y. S. (2015). Learning Exchange on Disaster Risk Management at the 4th Academic WSDN Conference, September 2016. 17(2), 1-1. Jain, R. K., Aras, R. Y. (2007). Depression in geriatric population in urban slums of Rio de Jeneiro.Indian JPublic Health,51(2). Klien, E., Lutz, M., Kuhn, W. (2006). Ontology-based discovery of geographic information servicesAn application in disaster management.Computers, environment and urban systems,30(1), 102-123. Lundkvist, A. (2016). Development of a Web GI System for Disaster Management.Thesis in geographical information technics. Masser, I. (2005).GIS worlds: creating spatial data infrastructures(Vol. 338). Redlands, CA: ESRI press. Ranger, N., Hallegatte, S., Bhattacharya, S., Bachu, M., Priya, S., Dhore, K., ... Herweijer, C. (2011). An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on earthquake risk in Rio de Jeneiro.Climatic change,104(1), 139-167. Van Oosterom, P., Zlatanova, S., Fendel, E. (Eds.). (2006).Geo-information for disaster management. Springer Science Business Media. Wattegama, C. (2014). ICT for disaster management.

The meaning of healing miracles Essay Example

The meaning of healing miracles Essay Christians today make of the miracle stories in the bible as influencing stories. They mainly market these stories and tell them to others or preach. The stories were read to uneducated people in a way that they could influence them to see the good in believing in God. One is when a group of demons asked Jesus if they could cast out their evil spirits into a nearby herd of pigs. The pig farmers were incensed and angry with Jesus because when the spirits entered the pigs, they all jumped of the cliff. This all makes sense if the miracle was legitimate. If Jesus was just helping someone deal with psychosis, lets say, why did the pigs all jump off the cliff? Each miracle has its own significance. Many are comparable to todays miracles, and are very encouraging to people who have illness or suffering, as they can provide faith and allow people to stay positive believing that they have hope. Miracles only happen to those who have faith in God and who believe. They use the miracle stories as part of their worship by reminding God how great he is and what he has done for them and to thank him. We will write a custom essay sample on The meaning of healing miracles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The meaning of healing miracles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The meaning of healing miracles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also this gives them a reason to stay in faith. If they ever have any doubt they can recall the miracles and see how great and powerful God is. Christians today can learn a great deal from miracles. They learn how important their faith is in God. Miracles happen anywhere. They can happen to anyone as long as there is faith, it can happen everywhere and they happen because God wants us to be fit for the kingdom. Christians can learn from this, that miracles happen to people who need them, to people who believe in him, and to people who have sinned, confessed, and apologise. They do not happen to people who have no or little faith, who question God, or who ask things of him in a selfish way. Miracles teach us that Jesus helps all kinds of people who need him. For example: the healing of the leper teaches us that we must follow Jesus teaching and his examples. We must reach out to those who are at the edge of society either by sickness or reputation. Another example is the story of the Centurion. This story shows how the faith of the Centurion saved his servants life as Jesus healed him. What is Forgiveness? What does it mean? Why is this a difficult concept? First, I must establish that Forgiveness is a process. There is no time frame. Each person will work through the process at his or her own pace. There is no magical saying or act that will produce instant results. What are your words for forgiveness? What do you feel when someone talks about forgiveness? What I have noticed is that the words for someone not able to forgive are about pain. The words about forgiveness are about healing, release and joy. Some consider forgiveness to be a miracle. Forgiveness is very important in life and miracles happen because God forgives those who have sinned. Miracles help inform Christians about Jesus and that he is the son of God. He is the one who lead people and brought them to forgive the sins of others. Miracles are proof to everybody that God exists and how powerful he is. Jesus performed many miracles, for example Turning Water to Wine: John 2:1-11. Jesus turned all the water into wine at a wedding. He is able to do this, because people believe in him, as without faith miracles cannot happen. Some churches hold healing services today. These are miraculous as they help people coping with sickness. Even if there is not enough power to heal the person or they have not confessed their sins, the thought of having God with them by their side is very comforting for those with terminal illnesses. Healing services help support people and comfort them, so yes they are miraculous services. God can save peoples lives and cure them, (even if it is just by making them believe they will get through whatever the problem is) and this gives them comfort. The Holy Spirit is one of the three persons of God: Father, Son and Holy Spirit. For many of us, this is a difficult concept to grasp. The Bible declares that there is only one living God, yet we learn from scripture that He comprises three separate personages. One way to partially visualize this notion is to examine the nature of water (H2O). Water is a single compound that can exist in three states liquid, ice and vapor. An egg is another picture. It is comprised of the white, the yolk and the shell, yet it is still one egg. Of course, by no means do these examples paint a complete picture of our God, but they are illustrative of the fact that His three persons in no way invalidate His oneness. As God consists of 3 elements he is very powerful, and this is why he is able to perform such miraculous events as he does. Present day miracles may not be very obvious but they consist of things such as, the healing of sickness, speaking in tongues and exorcisms. Other miracles are not obvious at all; they may be things such as rain following drought or people being able to cope after a horrific natural disaster. Many things are miracles because of peoples strong belief in God. Today, people have access to bibles, as well as encyclopaedias. Over six million trained Christians are assisting others to gain divine knowledge based on the Bible. Thus, miracles are no longer always necessary to attest to Jesus Christ as Gods appointed Deliverer or to provide proof that Jehovah is backing his servants. There are miracles everyday such as birth, life and life and death situations. It is a miracle that people are still getting along in this day and age. If God performed a miracle for everyone so as to prove his existence then there would be no point in Religion Religion is based on faith which does not require proof and it is something you have to work on.

Social Function and Classification essays

Social Function and Classification essays In the high middle ages, what a person did for a living did not always determine there social classification. There were three different social classes, but they were not always so boldly separated. There were those who fought, prayed, and worked; and under these were more subclasses. For the workers, there were two subclasses, serfs and slaves. They were both hard workers on the farm except that one could achieve freedom and one could not. Serfs only had one way to buy their way out; giving money to a third party to buy them only to let them go free, although most serfs could never get their freedom. Slaves, on the other hand, could not be, they could only work. Priests and monks fall under the clergy class. Priests were sometimes considered peasants and were often poor. Many times the priests would help the peasants work the field. There were, however, the high-priests who lived in nobility. There were also the monks who had a life mission to serve and pray. And the highest class was those who fought. The nobles were the knights, although not all the knights were nobles. The knights were those leading the army; however you also need the foot soldiers. The foot soldiers were not as wealthy as the knights, or as high in class, but were considered in the noble class all the same. So there were three social classes but many social functions. People back in the high middle ages did not believe they were categorized into three social classes. Even though there were many subclasses were not widely separated, function did determine social classification; all with the exception of some of the lower clergy, which blend with the peasants. ...

Erik Larson's Devil In the White City Term Paper

Erik Larson's Devil In the White City - Term Paper Example The official name of the â€Å"Devil in the White City† was the World’s Columbian Exposition. Burnham, the competent architect of the Colombian World’s Fair made Chicago the white City with his construction and masterpieces. Actually, the story of The Devil in the White City is about two main characters Holmes and Denial Hudson Burnham. White City represented the Chicago at its good; the awful killing of Holmes surely qualified for the darkest side of the city. Holmes operated his mansion as a hotel during the fair. It was really a horror house. Many women came in Chicago in search of jobs and got attracted towards him for jobs or stayed in his hotel during the fair and were not sighted again. Holmes gasconaded that he had murdered not less than 27 women in his lifetime. After murder he sold their skeletons and other parts to any medical college or others. This story revealed the contrasts of city Chicago that was filled with both bright and dark aspects. One mig ht easily debate that city has not changed yet in this respect. Burnham, the man of principles and having high capabilities presented the bright aspect of life. He built the World’s Famous Fair in Chicago and gained a lot of popularity. His efforts towards this achievement showed all about the White City. The author presented Chicago’s brighter parts in the character of Burnham and evils in the character of Holmes and referred as Black City. ... In short, The Devil in the White City is an attracting and delighting description of a sensational period in Chicago’s history. Eric Larson, the author of the â€Å"Devil in the White City† has described the two aspect of human nature in his writing, good and evil. It is a natural phenomenon of life where there is good there is also evil and wickedness. By saying the Black City to Chicago, it means to show the evil aspect of Chicago, where a serial killer has an appetite of killing young women in the disguise of a well-known famous doctor, H.H Holmes. He had made a Fair Hotel where he seduced women and killed them bitterly. After their death, he sold their body parts and skeletons. Larson has tried to show the dual aspects of Holmes and Burnham. Chicago had a great reputation in cultural as well economical fields. The World Exposition had created a lot of opportunities for the country. People came there in search of new opportunities of jobs and some went back and other stayed there. The Fair also created jobs opportunities at a time when economy was not good and there was recession. Although it took a lot of time to become stable after the Fair, Chicago got the state what it should be. But along this fame and repute there is evil and wicked thing that Dr. H.H Holmes got chances to kill a lot of women just for money and his inner satisfaction. Therefore author refers the Chicago as the Black City. Chicago World‘s Fair of 1893 proves a great turning point in the history of America. According to Erick, The Fair literally changed America. It also showed the condition of Chicago that needed the reform action in areas like worker’s right, sanitation, law enforcement and many more. In spite of it, the city’s businessmen and architects made the reputation of

Rehabilitation and re-entry back into society Research Paper

Rehabilitation and re-entry back into society - Research Paper Example n and presentation of evidence as well as issues related to correctional institutions, incarceration and release of those accused of crime and those convicted. It will also discuss social and criminal justice theories focusing on the United States constitution. Socioeconomic diversity in the contemporary criminal and social justice systems will be highlighted, and finally the essay will assess the centralization of criminal justice agencies domestically in the United States Homeland Security Act and the international aspects of criminal and social justice. Criminal justice is a government institution system that practices social control and sanctifies individuals who violate laws through mitigating and deterring them. The system consist of three main parts which are; the courts or adjudication, legislative that creates laws and mitigate corrections, and the legislative is responsible for jails, probations and prisons among others (Kraska, 2001). On the other hand, social justice can be defined as creating a society that is guided by equality and solidarity with leaders who understand human rights and have in mind the dignity of every person. The two systems work collaboratively in that, as soon as offenders are proved to be guilty of offenses, which have to be verified by the social justice system, the criminal justice system come in to implement and judge fairly without biases (Kraska, 2001). For justice to be said to be done, the offender’s act and crime victim must be balanced. Most criminal justice systems focus on reducing crime by showing justice and raising public confidence that their system will be fair to the offenders. One of the widely used scene investigation technique is taking scene photographs. Crime scene photographers are, therefore, very crucial at the scene of a crime because they document the details of the potential physical evidence discovered at the crime scene. These photos, which are presented as evidence, assist the crime scene

Indian Banking Industry Competitiveness and Market Structure

Indian Banking Industry Competitiveness and Market Structure Introduction After 1991 crisis, Indias liberalisation journey was multi-faceted. One of the major areas of liberalization was the banking sector which was highly regulated and controlled by government. Most importantly for banking industry, as per the M. Narasimhan committee recommendations, the liberalization came in the right areas namely interest rate, reduction of reserve requirements, entry deregulation, credit policies and prudential supervision. Incase of interest rates, they could now be determined by the banks based on their cost of funds rather then government fixing them for banks. The administered regime for interest rate came to an end except for interest rate on savings account. The reduction of reserve requirement for banks made huge capital available for banks which could be deployed in the business. The entry of new players was de-regulated. The government empowered the Reserve Bank of India to issue licenses to the new players, if they met the set criteria jointly set by RBI and Finance Ministry. The credit rationing was completely done away with. Although there is still credit rationing for priority sector, the banks are free to deploy their capital on the sectors which they feel profitable. Excessive supervision regime came to an end. The Reserve Bank of India made several changes in prudential supervision and gave autonomy to banks in their day-to-day operation. The total asset size of Indian Banking industry is over US$ 270 billion. The total deposit amount is US$ 200 billion. Its branch network is one of the largest in the world with more than 66,000 branches and over 17,000 ATM spread across the country. The bank assets are expected to grow at 13.4% CAGR and it is predicted that India could become the 3rd largest banking hub in the world by 2040. Currently India has 80 Scheduled commercial banks out of which 28 are public sector banks, 24 private banks and 28 foreign banks (Annual Report, RBI). As Indian economy is growing at an average rate of over 7% since a decade, more and more foreign banks are thinking to foray into the Indian market. As per McKinseys report on Indian Banking (2010), total loans-to-percentage of GDP, could grow from its current level of around 30% to ~45% in years to come. Such huge opportunities also  prompts several questions: Who is/ are the dominant players in the market? What is/are their share in the banking industry? What is the market structure of Indian banking industry; is it a monopoly or a perfect competition? Objectives and Motivation: The objective of this dissertation is to understand the Indian banking industry, its composition (nationalised banks, private bank and foreign banks) and knowing the players of the industry. Further the study will find out how much concentrated the Indian banking industry is and provide knowledge regarding top 3 as well as top 5 major banks. Such a concentration ratio would give a fair idea of how decision of the top players as an implication on the other industry players. The study will include the determination of the market structure of Indian banking industry. Its imperative to know whether the industry is a perfect competition, a monopoly or a monopolistic competition. This would lead to understanding of the cohesive behaviour of the market players. My motivation for choosing this topic came from the complexity of the Indian banking industry. The number of players, entry of new players, consolidation among the existing players, ever-changing economic scenario of India etc and its impact on the banking industry always fascinated me to do a study on the Indian Banking industry. I also feel that such study would be useful not only for the policymakers within the central bank and the government but also for the existing players, the potential entrants and for other stakeholders of the banking industry. Literature Review As per the neoclassical theory, the spectrum of market structure can be defined by the number of firms and size of those firms in the market [Goddard, Molyneux Wilson (2001)]. Various numerical measures of concentration have been used by empirical researchers in order to find the concentration of industry players. But at the same time, there is no single perfect measure for concentration [Goddard, Molyneux Wilson (2001)]. Nevertheless all these measure are subject to the idiosyncracies and limitation; they usually tend to correlate highly with each other [Curry and George (1983); Scherer and Ross (1990)]. Hall and Tideman (1967) have provided the desirable properties which are required for these measures of concentration to be acceptable. Concentration measures like k-bank concentration ratio, Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI) are extensively used to measure the banking sector performance as a function of market structure [Barth et al., 2004, Beck at el, 2006)]. k-bank concentration ratio For measuring the concentration of firms, the most frequently used ratio is k-bank concentration ratio (Bikker 2004). The reason this ratio is so frequently used is because of its simplicity and limited data requirement. The index gives equal emphasis to the k leading banks, but neglects the many small banks in the market. It is a one dimensional measure ranging between zero and unity [Al-Muharrami S.,Matthews k., Khabari Y (2006)]. In a review of 73 US Structure-Conduct-Performance studies in banking from 1961 to 1991, in 37 studies the k-bank deposit concentration measure was used (Molyneux et al. 1996) Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI) HHI is another benchmark measure for measuring the bank concentration and gives more weight to larger banks. It was developed by A.O.Hirschman. It expands to all the banks in the system, thereby avoiding the arbitrary cut offs [Alegria, C and Schaeck K (2006)]. Bikker (2004) highlights the importance of HHI in the theoretical research. In practice, the HHI plays a pivotal role in the US for the approval of bank mergers where the post mergers market HHI cannot exceed 0.18 and that the change in the index should be less than 0.02 (Cetorelli, 1999). This index is also used to measure the bank concentration in Arab GCC banking system [Al-Muharrami S.,Matthews k., Khabari Y (2006)] and in measuring the competition and market structure in the Saudi Arabia [Al-Muharrami (2009)] Panzer and Rosse H statistics The measure of market structure helps in determining whether the market enjoys perfect competition, monopoly or monopolistic competition. This is also known measuring the monopoly power hypothesis. It means that in more concentrated markets the bigger players tend to be collusive and try to dominate the market. Also their actions have considerable impact on the other market players. There are several models for determining the market structure. The models are divided into two parts: 1) Structural Models and 2) Non Structural Models. This study will employ the non-structural model approach suggested by Rosse and Panzer (1977) and Panzer and Rosse (1982, 1987), popularly known as the H-statistics. It is widely used in determining the competitive structure of the banking industry in various countries. In the banking industry, there is extensive use of Rosse and Panzer method and has got a wide practical applicability. In his study on New York banks, Shaffer (1982) had observed that banks had monopolistic competition. Similar study for Canadian banks by Nathan and Neave (1989) found a perfect competition for 1982 but monopolistic competition for 1983-84. Japan revealed perfect competition [Molyneux et al (1996)]. Molyneux et al. (1994) also tested the P-R statistics for French, German, Italian, Spanish and British banks for the period of 1986-1989 in order to determine the competitive conditions of major European countries. Methodology The study involves the use of k-bank concentration ratio and HHI ratio for gauging the competition and Panzer and Rosse for determining the monopoly power of the players of Indian Banking industry. These ratios have been extensively used in the different studies mentioned above. K-bank concentration ratio measures the market share of the top k-firms in the industry. The equation is n CRn = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœSi i=1 Where Si is the market share of the i-th firm when firms are ranked in descending order of the market share. Market share is measured in terms of sales, assets or number of employees. Commonly used values of n include 3, 4, 5 or 8. The researchers have also found that there is high correlation between concentration ratios defined using alternative values of n [Bailey and Boyle (1971)]. The advantage of k-bank concentration ratio is that it is easily measurable; one needs to know only the total size of the industry and the individual sizes of firms. But it lacks in taking the size distribution of remaining firms. In this study, the market share would be measured on the basis of the loan size (assets) and the deposit size (liability) of the banks. The value of n would be 3 and 5 i.e. CR3 and CR5. HHI uses information about all points in the firm size distribution. It is defined as the sum of the squares of the markets share of all firms: N HHI = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬ËœSi2 i=1 Where Si is the market shares of the firm i and N is the total number of firms in the industry. In the calculation of HHI, the larger firms get a heavier weightage than their smaller counterparts which reflects their relative importance in the market. This study uses P-R h-statistics, a non-structural model, measuring competition and emphasizes the analysis of the competitive conduct of banks without explicit information about the structure of the market. The P-R determines the competitive behaviour of banks on the basis of the comparative static properties of reduced-form revenue equation based on cross-section data [Panzer and Rosse (1987)]. The equation is Ln(TREV) = ÃŽÂ ±0 + ÃŽÂ ±1 ln PL + ÃŽÂ ±2 ln PK + ÃŽÂ ±3 ln PF + ÃŽÂ ±4 ln RISKASS + ÃŽÂ ±5 ln ASSET + ÃŽÂ ±6 ln BR The variables are defined as follows: TREV : the ratio of total revenue to total assets PL : ratio of personnel expense to employees PK : ratio of capital expense to fixed assets PF : ratio of annual interest expense to total loanable funds RISKASS : ratio of provisions to total assets ASSET : bank total assets BR : ratio of number of branches to total number of branches in the country. The H-statistic value is the sum of factor price elasticity: PL, PK and PF. The value H à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0 implies monopoly equilibrium. A value of 0 Data The data for all the calculations of k-bank concentration ratio, HHI and P-R H-statistics will be obtained from Orbis database. Further, the data would also be taken from the Reserve Bank of India(RBI)s profile of banks 2004-2005 2008-2009. Incase any data is not available from the two main sources (Orbis and RBI), the data would be extracted from financial statements of banks, from their websites and from reports published on the Indian Stock exchanges namely Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and National Stock Exchange (NSE). The sample period covers 2002-2008. Conclusion The conclusion would include the interpretation of the results obtained by usage of E-view and MS- Excel software. In summation, the study would help in knowing the concentration ratio through k-bank ratio as well as HHI and help in understanding the monopoly power of large banks in India. Such a study would be helpful to determine the cohesive behaviour of the players of industry and how their decision would affect the entire industry as well as the Indian economy. With a lots consolidation happening in the industry, such a study would help in understanding the shifts in the concentration and market powers if any. Last but not the least; an attempt would be made to give some recommendations based on the results.

The Effects of Specific Diet in Relation to Aging Essay -- Nutrition

Introduction Every day people make decisions that impact their lives, varying from minuscule to dynamic effects. It is widely accepted that eating a nutritious diet may prevent, delay, or lessen certain age-related diseases. Many individuals choose to partake in a vegetarian lifestyle in hopes that it would lead to a more healthful and longer life. While a vegetarian lifestyle has proven to be generally safe and beneficial for human health, the question I propose is what the difference, if any, is between a vegetarian and omnivorous lifestyle over the adult human lifespan in relation to aging and body function? The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential effects, positive, negative, and neutral, that diet, namely vegetarian based vs. omnivore based, has on aging throughout the adult lifespan. Background To introduce the topic, it is important to know that for the purpose of this paper, the term vegetarian will encompass all types of vegetarianism, including, but not limited to, pescatarianism (abstaining from all beef, pork, poultry, and foul, but still consuming all dairy products, eggs, fish, and sea food) , the most common lacto-ovo-vegetarian (abstaining from eating the meat of all and any animals, including fish and sea food, but still consuming dairy [lacto] products and eggs [ovo]), a stricter vegetarianism, known as vegan (abstaining from all meats, fish, sea food, eggs, dairy, animal products, and in most strict cases white sugar because of the way it is processed), and the strictest form, raw vegan( abstaining from all that a vegan does, and also abstaining from all cooked and â€Å"un-natural† foods). It is also to be noted, that while many choose a vegetarian lifestyle for suspected health benefits, many also ... ...ction to food and society. Belmont, California: Thomson/Wadsworth. pp. 282, 283. ISBN 0-534-52582-2. "Protein in diet". United States National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. 2009. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm. Davey GK, Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Allen NE, Knox KH, Key TJ (2003). "EPIC-Oxford: lifestyle characteristics and nutrient intakes in a cohort of 33 883 meat-eaters and 31 546 non meat-eaters in the UK". Public Health Nutrition 6 (3): 259–69. doi:10.1079/PHN2002430. PMID 12740075. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (1997). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and fluoride. Washington DC: The National Academies Press. ISBN 0309064031. http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=5776.

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The Sinking of the Lusitania and Americas Entry into World War I

On May 7, 1915, the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania was in route from New York City to Liverpool, England when it was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat. Over 1100 civilians died as a result of this attack, including more than 120 American citizens. This defining moment would later prove to be the impetus which eventually convinced United States public opinion to change from its’ earlier position of neutrality with respect to being a participant in World War I.  On April 6, 1917,  President Woodrow Wilson appeared before the U.S. Congress calling for a declaration of war against Germany.   American Neutrality at the Start of World War I World War I had officially started on August 1, 1914 when Germany declared war against Russia.   Then on August 3rd and 4th, 1914, Germany declared war against France and Belgium respectively, which resulted in Great Britain declaring war against Germany. Austria-Hungary declared war against Russia on August 6th following Germany’s lead.  Following this domino effect that started World War I, President  Woodrow Wilson  announced that the United States would remain neutral. This was consistent with the public opinion of the majority of the American people.    At onset of the war, Britain and United States were very close trading partners so it was not unexpected that tensions would arise between the United States and Germany once the Germans started to conduct a blockade of the British Isles. In addition, a number of American ships that were bound for Great Britain had been either damaged or sunk by German mines. Then in February 1915, Germany broadcast that they would be conducting unrestricted submarine patrols and combat in the waters which surround Britain. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and the Lusitania The Lusitania had been built to be the world’s fastest ocean liner and shortly after her maiden voyage in September 1907, the Lusitania made the fastest crossing of the Atlantic Ocean at that time earning her the nickname â€Å"Greyhound of the Sea†. She was able to cruise at an average speed of 25 knots or approximately 29 mph, which is about the same speed as modern cruise ships. The Lusitania’s construction had been secretly financed by the British Admiralty, and she was built to their specifications. In exchange for the government subsidy, it was understood that if England went to war then the Lusitania would be committed to serving the Admiralty. In 1913, war was looming on the horizon and the Lusitania was put in dry dock in order to be properly fitted for military service. This included installing gun mounts on her decks – which were hidden under the teak deck so that guns could easily be added when needed. At the end of April 1915, on the same page were two announcements in New York newspapers. First, there was an advertisement of the impending voyage of the Lusitania scheduled to depart from New York City on May 1st for its’ trip back across the Atlantic to Liverpool. In addition, there were warnings that had been issued by the German Embassy in Washington, D.C. that civilians who traveled in war zones on any British or Allied ship was done at their own risk. The German warnings of submarine attacks did have a negative impact on the passenger list of the Lusitania as when the ship set sail on May 1, 1915 as it was far below its’ capacity of a combined 3,000 passengers and crew on board. The British Admiralty had warned the Lusitania to either avoid the Irish coast or take some very simple evasive actions, such as zigzagging to make it more difficult for German U-boats to determine the ship’s course of travel.  Unfortunately the Lusitania’s Captain, William Thomas Turner, failed to give proper deference to the Admiralty’s warning. On May 7, the British ocean liner RMS Lusitania was en route from New York City to Liverpool, England when it was torpedoed on its starboard side and sunk by a German U-boat off the coast of Ireland. It only took about 20 minutes for the ship to sink. The Lusitania was carrying approximately 1,960 passengers and crew, of which there were 1,198 casualties. In addition, this passenger list included 159 U.S. citizens and there were 124 Americans included in the death toll.   After the Allies and the United States complained, Germany argued that the attack was justified because the Lusitania’s manifest listed various items of munitions that were bound for the British military. The British claimed that none of the munitions on board were â€Å"live†, so therefore the attack on the ship was not legitimate under the rules of war at that time. Germany argued otherwise. In 2008, a dive team explored the wreck of the Lusitania in 300 feet of water and found approximately four million rounds of Remington .303 bullets that had been made in the United States in the ship’s hold. Although Germany eventually gave in to protests made by the United States government regarding the submarine attack on the Lusitania and promised to end this type of warfare, six months later another ocean liner was sunk. In November 2015, a U-boat sunk an Italian liner without any warning whatsoever.   More than 270 people perished in this attack, including more than 25 Americans causing public opinion to begin to turn in favor of joining the war against Germany. Americas Entry into World War I On January 31, 1917, Germany declared that it was placing an end to its’ self-imposed moratorium on unrestricted warfare in waters that were within the war-zone. The United States government broke diplomatic relations with Germany three days later and almost immediately a German U-boat sunk the Housatonic which was an American cargo ship. On February 22, 1917, Congress enacted an arms appropriations bill that was designed to prepare the United States for war against Germany. Then, in March, four more U.S. merchant ships were sunk by Germany which prompted President Wilson to appear before Congress on April 2nd requesting a declaration of war against Germany. The Senate voted to declare war against Germany on April 4th and on April 6, 1917 the House of Representatives endorsed the Senate’s declaration causing the United States to enter World War I.